Kenali Nyanyian Kambing Anda

Assalamu'alaikum Wrmbth, Kambing seperti manusia juga mempunyai bahasa komunikasi yang boleh kita kenali. Ada artikel menarik juga untuk dihadam dalam bab ni. Kalau kambing sikit, boleh lagi kita periksa satu satu.alau dah beratus2 jenuh juga tu. Jadi apa tanda yang boleh kita ambil untuk mengenal pasti kambing yang sakit atau bakal sakit? Jawapannya adalah melalui mengenalpasti jenis jeritan mereka.

Kambing mengembek kerana 4 sebab umum, lapar, haus, sampai masa mengawan/ beranak dan sakit. Menurut pembacaan dan sedikit kajian, keempat2 keadaan ini mempunyai intonasi ngembekan yang berbeza. Melalui pemerhatian dan pengalaman insyaallah kita dapat bezakan. Betullah rahsia Allah swt jadikan semua nabi pengembala kambing. Mereka ni dilatih untuk lebih mendengar masalah rakyat dan umat daripada bercakap. Maka, jadilah pendengar yang baik kepada kambing anda.

Artikel penuh ada dalam bahasa inggeris. Sama-sama beroleh manfaat.
Sumber: http://www.goatworld.com/articles/behavior/sickgoat.shtml

Recognizing a Sick Goat By: Gary Pfalzbot

    If goats could speak, they could tell us volumes, or so the saying goes. Well actually, goats can speak, but it is up to us to learn their language. If you are new to raising goats, or considering raising goats, please tell yourself that, and you’ll come out far ahead with your goats health in the long run. Learning to listen to and observe your goats is perhaps just as important as any other part of their daily care: feeding, watering, shelter, grooming, etc.

    Goats, when content and in good health, are usually quiet creatures of habit, full of energy, playful, curious, rambunctious as well as mischievous. It’s not often that you will hear a goat bleating (crying) for no apparent reason, and if you do, it most often signals that something is wrong. There are exceptions to the rule - some goats are prone to making various moaning and groaning noises which are not considered bleating, and under most circumstances, signify that they are somewhat content. Getting used to the moans and groans can be difficult but the actual bleat itself is more indicative of the goats overall well-being. Certain breeds such as the Nubian are considered noisy breeds.

    Goats kept in a well defined area will be prone to either laying around quietly, eating in one spot, or browsing, each activity producing its own unique bleats, moans and groans. During quiet times you can frequently find a goat completely sprawled out in what I find to be a completely relaxed moment for the goat. During these moments, the goat is unlikely to make any noise at all.

    From my own experience, there are four reasons why a goat will make an excessive amount of noise: hunger, thirst, breeding season (or pregnancy) and illness. And if you listen closely, you’ll soon be able to distinguish each "bleat" for what it really means.

    In the case of thirst or hunger, a goat will often be persistent with their bleating. As more time lapses and their hunger grows, the bleating will become more and more pronounced. The bleat of a hungry goat will either drive you to feeding them immediately (best choice) or out of earshot from their cries (not a good choice). Bleating because a goat is thirsty is a little less pronounced unless it is a very hot day or the goat has been without water for an extended period of time.

    During breeding season or pregnancy (see below), goats have a very unique set of sounds and series of behaviors that are unlike any of their normal behaviors. A goat that is sick, usually will separate itself from the rest of the herd. A goat that is in rut is usually seeking out other goats.

    The sound of an ill (or soon to be ill) goat is much different than that of a hungry or thirsty goat, though it may start out with a similar persistence. The bleat has more of a stressful note in its quality and most often has a much different tone. When compared to its "normal" bleat, this does not sound like the same goats voice at all. Consider how your own voice sounds when you are sad, depressed or not feeling well. Not your usual, robust and hearty voice is it? The same with your goat.

    You will notice that up to this point, I have only discussed the aspect of a goats bleat. This as I mentioned earlier, is only part of recognizing a sick goat. The other part consists of how the goat acts and looks physically. Let’s try to tie the two together now so it begins to paint a clear picture.

    Your average "healthy" goat will appear energetic; curious or wary of its surroundings when standing, feet planted squarely and well balanced, or, busily chewing its cud when laying down for a rest. By all standards, the tail should be held high above or over the back and the coat of hair rich and shiny. The eyes should be bright and alert. And unless hungry or thirsty, or in rut, the goat should be quiet (very little if any at all in the way of bleating).

    Their are several classic symptoms of a goat that is not feeling well.

        A goat that won't eat or has little interest in food.

        A goat that won't drink or has little interest in water.

        A goat that has irregular bowel movements: diarrhea or clumpy stools.

        A goat that is not urinating or is urinating painfully.

    While these are certainly not the only symptoms a sick goat will display, they are among the most common symptoms and should be dealt with as symptoms.

    The two immediate signs of an ill goat is the goat that is standing or sitting down away from the herd, and just not acting itself. Perhaps the worst sign is a goat laying on its side appearing nearly lifeless or frantically paddling its legs from time to time. The first sign means you should pay attention to that goat. Take some extra time and look the goat over real well. The second sign means jumping into emergency mode right away.

    A great deal of the inquiries I receive about sick goats turn out to be cases of bloat. This very painful condition can become severe and if left untreated, kill the goat. Bloat is characterized by a goat appearing to swell up dramatically around and behind the midsection and is often accompanied by pitiful bleats and moans.

    The goat with a droopy tail, rough looking coat of hair, white colored gums, standing hunched, shaking its head, shivering, bleating or moaning, is usually giving a sure sign that something is not right. A goat, especially a buck, that frequently tries to lay down, gets up and cries and tries to lay down again is also a prime candidate for not feeling well and is a prime candidate for a condition known as Urinary Calculi. The goat is giving you one of its first signs that it is not feeling well and you should act immediately.

    A pregnant doe should also be watched and listened to as she will have her own behavior that is unique. Does preparing to kid will often display a behavior of pawing at the ground with front hooves, lie down, stand up and paw some more, and proceed to lie back down. Also, a pregnant doe will also bleat occasionally as if to signal that she may be going into labor. Immediate preparations to accommodate her impending kidding should be made.

    Any one or all of these "signs" should be taken as warnings of a potential crisis in full bloom. Recognizing these early warning signs and taking immediate action is your only hope and possible solution of avoiding a potential crisis. Quite often, a pet owner will recognize the warning signs but fail to take immediate action and the result is usually a fatality. Goats are no different than any other animal, but they can die within a very short amount of time if not properly cared for at the first signs of a problem. Act immediately!

    It would not be practical to list all the specific causes of goat illnesses as there are many great books and articles written that deal specifically with symptoms, diagnosis and treatment. Some symptoms can be indicators of several conditions or illnesses. New goat owners and those considering purchasing goats should become familiar with each illness and stock those items which are prescribed or recommended for treatment. Many needless goat deaths occur simply because the owner failed to have the appropriate items on hand (author included). We learn from our mistakes but at the cost of a life.

    Perhaps the best indicator of your goats health and well-being is your constant observation of the habits and normal behavior they display. You will soon find that you know your goats better than you thought you did and be able to tell when something isn't right. Just be prepared to act when something isn't.

Bahagian Badan Kambing

Assalamu'alaikum Wrmbth, dalam saya mencari2 di internet rujukan tentang kambing dan sebarang kajian ilmian dalam bahasa Malaysia, pencarian saya membawa kepada sumber yang tidak bermanfaat. Betapa rendahnya sumber rujukan yang boleh dicari tentang kambng. Jika ada pun isinya sama saja, diambil daripada manual penternakan kambing jabatan haiwan yang jarang dikemaskini.

Oleh kerana banyak sumber rujukan dalam bahasa inggeris memang banyak, mari sama2 kita terjemahkan atau setidak2nya berkongsi supaya ada perkembangan ilmu. Jika tidak industri ternakan akan sentiasa berada di takuk lama. Saya juga banyak lagi perlu dipelajari dan dihadam.

Dibawah ini saya sertakan gambar berserta label tentang bahagian kambing dalam bahasa inggeris. Amat berguna semasa membaca jurnal dalam bahasa inggeris.

Sumber: http://thethreeringranch.com/allena/?page_id=526

Tanda Berahi Pada Kambing Betina

Assalamu'alaikum Wrmbth, Penting untuk kita mengetahui kitaran estrus pada kambing. Orang putih pangging kitar estrus. Bagi menggalakkan program pembiakan kambing, penternak perlu mempunyai ilmu yang mencukupi. Salah satu tanda yang di tunjukkan video di bawah ini, kambing mengangkat ekor pada sudut 45 darjah dan mengibas2nya lebih daripada selalu.

Seterusnya, tingkah lakunya lebih agresif dan gemar menanduk lebih daripada biasa. Melalui sedikit pembacaan, waktu mudah untuk melihat samada induk bersedia untuk mengawan adalah pada selepas subuh dan selepas terbenam matahari. Masa bunting sekitar 150 hari atau 5 bulan dan sesi laktasi anak kambing 2-3 bulan. Kitaran yang baik supaya ibu kambing dapat beranak 3 kali dalam 2 tahun adalah kambing harus beranak 7~8 bulan sekali.

Keadaan Badan Kambing aka Body Conditions

Assalamu'alaikum Wrmbth, rasa2nya boleh ke kambing di kandang kita gunakan sistem keadaan badan (body condition) untuk menentukan keadaan kambing yang akan dibuntingkan. Ada skala 1-->5 dan 1 sangat kurus manakala 5 Sangat Obes. Sekurang2nya video dibawah menjadi informasi berguna untuk mengukur sejauh mana kegemukan kambing

Kambing Kurus Kambing Gemuk

Assalamu'alaikum Wrmbth, Kambing anda kurus, fit atau gemuk?

Breeding and Kidding Management in the Goat Herd

J-M. Luginbuhl, M H Poore, J P Mueller and J T Green

http://www.cals.ncsu.edu/an_sci/extension/animal/meatgoat/MGBrdKidd.htm

As the breeding season approaches, producers should be concerned with the body condition of their breeding does. Goat should not be allowed to become too thin or too fat. Failure in reproduction, low twinning rates and low weaning rates will result if does are too thin. Overly fat does can suffer pregnancy toxemia, but fat does are rarely a problem.
The term body condition refers to the fleshing of an animal. Because the greatest potential for goats is to graze them with beef cattle, we have devised a 1 to 9-point graduated scale, adapted from the beef system used in North Carolina. In that graduated scale, thin is 1 to 3, moderate is 4 to 6 and fat is 7 to 9. In most situations, goats should be in the range of 4 to 7. Scores of 1 to 3 indicate a problem, and scores of 8 to 9 are almost never seen in goats. The ideal body condition score (BCS) just before the breeding season is between a 5 and a 6 to maximize the number of kids born. Simply looking at an animal and assigning it a BCS can easily be misleading. Rather, animals should be touched. The easiest area to feel and touch to determine the body condition of an animal are the rib areas, on either side of the spine, by running a hand over those areas and pressing down with a few fingers. In doing so, one is able to determine the amount of fat covering the ribs. Other areas to monitor are the shoulders, the tail heads, the pins, the hooks, the edge of the loins and the backbone. Practice makes perfect, thus use your animals to get a feel for it. An easy way to start is to select a few animals that are over conditioned and some others that are thin in order to get a feel for extreme BCS. Then introduce a small group of animals and compare their BCS to the animals having extreme BCS. Producers should develop an eye and a touch for the condition of their animals and strive to maintain a moderate amount of condition on their goats. When body condition start to decrease, it is a sign that supplemental feed is needed or that animals should be moved to a higher quality pasture. Waiting until goats become thin to start improving their feeding regime may lead to large production losses.
One should also be concerned with the body condition of the breeding bucks. If bucks are overfed and become too fat, they may have no desire to breed does.
Pregnant does should not have a body condition score of 7 or above toward the end of pregnancy because of the risk of pregnancy toxemia. In addition, a body condition score of 5 to 6 at kidding should not drop off to quickly during lactation.
Body condition score is also used to determine whether flushing will be of benefit to breeding does. Flushing means increasing the level of feed offered to breeding does, mostly energy, starting about one month prior to the introduction of the bucks, to increase body weight, ovulation rate and hopefully litter size. Increasing the level of energy offered to does should continue throughout the breeding season and for approximately 30 to 40 days after removing the bucks for adequate implantation of the foetuses in the uterus. Does in extremely good body condition (BCS = 7) will tend not to respond to flushing. On the other hand, does that are in relatively poor condition (BCS = 4 or lower) as a result of summer pastures of poor quality, high worm loads, late kidding of twins or triplets, will respond favorably to flushing by improving their body condition.
Flushing can be accomplished by moving breeding does to a lush nutritious pasture 3 to 4 weeks prior to the introduction of the bucks. This cost-effective flushing method is underutilized in the Southeast where forage is abundant. Another method is feeding ½ lb/day of a high energy supplement. Corn is the grain of choice for flushing; whole cottonseed is another low cost, high energy supplement. The goal being to increase the intake and body weight, breeding does should be grouped according to their BCS and fed accordingly to first improve their body condition, then to maintain it.

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BODY CONDITION SCORING CHART

BCS 1	Extremely thin.	Extremely thin and weak, near death.
BCS 2	Extremely thin.	Extremely thin but not weak.
BCS 3	Very thin.	All ribs visible. Spinous processes prominent and very sharp. No fat cover felt with some muscle wasting.
BCS 4	Slightly thin.	Most ribs visible. Spinous processes sharp. Individual processes can be easily felt. Slight fat cover can be felt over the eye muscle.
BCS 5	Moderate.	Spinous processes felt but are smooth. Some fat cover felt over eye muscle.
BCS 6	Good.	Smooth look with ribs not very visible. Spinous processes smooth and round. Individual processes very smooth, felt with considerable pressure. Significant fat cover felt over eye muscle.
BCS 7	Fat.	Ribs not visible, spinous process felt under firm pressure. Considerable fat felt over eye muscle.
BCS 8	Obese.	Animal is very fat with spinous processes difficult to feel. Ribs can not be felt. Animal has blocky obese appearance.
BCS 9	Extremely obese.	Similar to an eight but more exaggerated. Animal has deep patchy fat over entire body.

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SUMMARY - BODY CONDITION

• To monitor and fine tune nutrition program
• To "head off" parasite problem
• Visual evaluation is not adequate, has to touch and feel animal
• Areas to be monitored


• Tail head
• Ribs
• Pins
• Hocks
• Edge of loin
• Shoulder
• Back bone
• Longissimus dorsi
• Scale


• Thin   1 to 3
• Moderate   4 to 6
• Fat   7 to 9
• Recommendations


• End of pregnancy   5 to 6
• Start of breeding season  5 to 6
• Animals should never have a body condition score of 1 to 3
• Pregnant does should not have a body condition score of 7 or above toward the end of pregnancy because of the risk of pregnancy toxemia
• A body condition score of 5 to 6 at kidding should not drop off too quickly

Heat detection
Goats are seasonal breeders and in our region the breeding season GENERALLY extends from September to February, although exceptions occur. There are even indications that in dairy herds some does (Saanen, Alpine, Nubian) have the ability to breed out of season and as early as July if housed or grazed with a buck. Meat type goats such as the Pygmy and the Tennessee Stiffleg apparently have the ability to breed out of season. The same appears to be true for the Boer breed. Two factors playing an important role in the ability of goats to breed out of season are plane of nutrition and body condition.
Segregating does from bucks is crucial in the development of sound breeding programs that should be paralleled with feed resources and market demands. The best approach to separate does from bucks is to develop a secure buck pasture. The buck pasture should be far enough from the breeding doe herd, otherwise scent emitted by glands located behind the base of the bucks' horns will induce estrous in does. This is called the "buck effect". Does will come into heat approximately 7 to 10 days after the introduction of the buck. It is a good strategy to use to naturally synchronize breeding does at the start of the breeding season.
During the breeding season, goats come into heat or estrus approximately every 18 to 22 days. Does in heat become vocal and some bleat very loudly as if in pain. Constant tail wagging from side to side is another sign of heat. In addition, the vulva will appear slightly swollen and reddened and the area around the tail may look wet and dirty because of vaginal discharge. Other signs of heat include decreased appetite and an increased frequency of urination. Does in heat also are easily identified if a mature and smelly buck is nearby. They will pace restlessly along their enclosure for a way to get to the buck or stand close to the fence. Finally, a doe in heat may mount another doe as if she were a buck or let another doe mount her.
In spite of all these signs, it is still sometimes possible to miss heat. In general, people experiencing most trouble in detecting estrus usually have only one or two goats. In some instances, it may be very useful to run a teaser (vasectomized) buck with the does to detect estrus. A vasectomized buck is rendered infertile through surgery by cutting the tubes carrying the sperm from the testes to the penis. However, his libido and interest in mating still remains. An intersex animal exhibiting female genitalia with an enlarged clitoris but male mating behavior has been used to detect estrus at the NCSU Meat Goat and Educational Unit. Animals used to detect estrus can be fitted with a harness containing a crayon that will mark the females in heat when they are mounted. If the herd is checked twice a day, marked females can be separated and mated to the appropriate stud male.
The duration of estrus varies from 12 to as long as 48 hours. Within that duration standing heat (the period the doe stands firmly when a buck attempts to mount) lasts approximately 24 hours. On occasion, some does may find the buck sexually unattractive and will not stand to be bred. Ovulation usually occurs 12 to 36 hours from the onset of standing heat. At the beginning of the heat cycle, the vaginal discharge is clear and colorless. It becomes progressively whiter and more opaque towards the end of standing heat.
Other Considerations
Deworming, vaccinating and hoof trimming. Animals that have a rough hair coat and general appearance, that stay thin and do not gain weight, may have a high worm load. Such animals will not breed well. Therefore, it is a good practice to deworm the breeding flock (does and bucks) prior to flushing or/and the introduction of the bucks. Does should not be dewormed during the first 20 to 60 days of pregnancy because the stress associated with handling and deworming may cause the animal to abort. In addition, some dewormers may induce abortion. Cases of abortion have been reported, but not proven, with levamisole (trade name: levasol, tramisole, ripercol). Albendazole (trade name: valbazen) should not be used during the first third of pregnancy and oxfendazole (trade name: benzelmin) should not be used at all in pregnant animals. Does should also be dewormed 2 to 3 weeks prior to kidding or at kidding because the doe hormonal changes will induces gastrointestinal parasites to produce a lot of eggs. In turn these eggs will be excreted in the feces and contaminate pastures and the animals' other surroundings.
The breeding flock should be vaccinated against enterotoxemia (over-eating disease) and tetanus. Adult breeding males should be vaccinated once a year. Breeding females should be vaccinated 4 to 6 weeks before kidding, so that some immunity will be passed to their offsprings. An additional vaccinating of breeding does could take place 4 to 6 weeks before breeding. Following birth, kids should be vaccinated against enterotoxemia and tetanus at 8 weeks of age, followed by a booster at 12 weeks of age.
Trimming the hooves of breeding animals is another practice that will increase reproductive success. Limping does may not let bucks breed them and bucks with hoof problems may breed only sporadically or even not at all.
Kidding
Have the pregnant does graze a pasture close to your house, so that you can easily check them. If you supplement your does with a concentrate or hay, feed it at night. Somehow late feeding delays birthing toward the early morning hours in the majority of animals. It is a good idea to have some kidding pens ready for weak kids. It is not always easy to detect pre-kidding signs in goats: however, mucous discharge is a sure sign that kidding is imminent. Following birth, the navel of newborn kids should be dipped in iodine.
Nutrition of Newborn Kids
Colostrum is the first milk produced after parturition . Colostrum contains a high content of immunoglobulins (antibodies), vitamin A, minerals, fat and other sources of energy. Antibodies are proteins which help the goat kid fight diseases. The ability of kids to resist diseases is greatly affected by the timing of colostrum intake and the quantity and quality of the colostrum fed. Reports from cattle indicate that if left alone, 25% of the young do not nurse within 8 hours and 10 to 25% do not get sufficient amounts of colostrum. Colostrum should be ingested or bottle-fed (in case of weak kids) as soon as kids have a suckling reflex. In cases of extremely weak kids, they should be tube-fed. The producer must be certain that all newborn kids get colostrum soon after birth (within the first hour after birth, and certainly within the first 6 hours) because the percentage of antibodies found in colostrum decreases rapidly after parturition. It is crucial that the antibodies in colostrum be consumed before the kids suck on dirty, pathogen-loaded parts of its mother or stall. In addition, the ability of the newborn kid to absorb antibodies also decreases rapidly 24 hours after birth. Newborn kids should ingest 10% of their body weight in colostrum during the first 24 hours of life for optimum immunity. The extra colostrum produced by high lactating does during the first 24 hours following kidding can be frozen for later use when needed. Only first milking from healthy animals should be frozen for later feeding, and the colostrum from older animals that have been on the premises for several years is typically higher in antibody content against endemic pathogens than is colostrum from first fresheners. Revaccination against tetanus and enterotoxemia (over-eating disease) 2 to 4 weeks before the kidding date is commonly used to improve the protective value of the colostrum against these conditions. Ice cube trays are ideal containers: once frozen, cubed colostrum can be stored in larger containers and the trays used for another batch. Ice cubes are the perfect size for newborn kids, thus thawed colostrum is always fresh, and wastage reduced to a minimum. It is recommended to thaw colostrum either at room temperature or at a fairly low temperature. Colostrum should never be overcooked during the thawing process.
When to kid and when to wean?
Kidding season and weaning age depend on several management and marketing factors. However, kids born in very late winter and early spring (March-early April), when grazed with their mothers on lush, high quality small grains or cool-season forages, will grow faster and will be healthier than kids born during the heat of late spring and early summer when forages mature and worm burdens increase.
Letting the kids nurse and graze with their mothers for as long as the doe stays in good enough body condition so as not to impair the success of its next breeding season is a sound management practice that will ensure rapid growth of the goat kids.
Weaning is a very stressfull period for kids and coccidia infestations generally show up at weaning. It is important to frequently observe weaned kids. Kids showing signs of coccidia infestation should be treated immediately, otherwise they will dehydrate and die. Coccidia can damage the lining of the intestines and if not treated properly surviving kids may not grow to reach their normal size and production potential.

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Reproductive Aspects - Summary
FEMALE
Age of puberty		7-10 months
Breeding weight		60-75% of adult weight
Estrous cycle
	Length	18-22 days
	Duration	12-36 hours
	Signs	Tail wagging, mounting, bleating
Ovulation		12 to 36 hrs from onset of standing heat
Gestation length		146-155 days
Breeding season		August-January
Seasonal anestrous		February-July
Buck effect on estrous		Positive
MALE
Age of puberty		4-8 months
Breeding age		8-10 months
Breeding season		All year
Breeding ratio		1 buck : 20 to 30 does

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Kaitan Anemia dan Kecacingan Pada Kambing

Assalamu'alaikum Wrmbth, kami ada terbaca sesuatu fakta menarik melalui beberapa pembacaan. Ada satu kaedah bernama FAMACHA yang di perkenalkan oleh penyelidik kambing di Afrika selatan. Antara perkara berguna untuk melihat secara umum samada kambing ini mengalami gangguan kecacingan yang teruk sehingga tahap Anemia (kekurangan darah) disebabkan oleh cacing Barber Pole atau Haemoncus Concortus adalah dengan melihat warna bahagian dalam kelopak mata. Gusi, rektum dan anding susu juga sama.

Bagi menggunakan kaedah ini sebenarnya seseorang penternak perlu menghadiri latihan selama 2 jam di negara seperti Australia dan Afrika selatan. Malah Amerika juga telah mula mengguna pakai kaedah ini. Adakah Malaysia selamat daripada ancaman cacing Barber Pole lebih2 lagi pengimport2 sibuk mengimport kambing2 daripada negara tersebut. Walaupun kuarantin telah dijalankan, ada lagi peluang telur-telur cacing dan larva yang berada dalam keadaan dorman menanti masa yang sesuai untuk bertindak. Rasa2nya apa langkah yang telah diambil oleh pihak JPV dan lain2 mencukupi?

Bahagian dalam mata pucat

Gusi juga pucat

Warna Ambing susu dan sekita ekor juga pucat

Bandingkan dengan warna kambing sihat seperti dibawah ini.

Kelopak merah, tanda cukup darah

Warna gusi juga kemerah2han

Berbeza bukan warna sekitar ekor dan ambing susu

Selidik lagi nampaknya ni, penat2 kita beri kambing makan tetapi cacing yang gemuk. Bela kambing atau cacing? Hmmm

Tekanan Tempat Kerja Pada Kambing

Assalamu'alaikum Wrmbth, Kurangkan tekanan pada kambing baru pindah. Elakkan pembulian dengan memindahkan kaki buli. Wallahu'alam

 Sumber: http://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/watching-for-signs-of-stress-in-new-goats.html

Watching for Signs of Stress in New Goats

By Cheryl K. Smith

If you've just brought home new goats, whether to enhance a green lifestyle or to keep as pets, you need to watch them for signs of stress. Even when you start with healthy goats, transporting can stress them emotionally and physically. Emotional stresses include

• Leaving their mothers and friends
• Losing their standing in the herd and having to establish a new position
• Being in unfamiliar surroundings

Physical stresses can include

• Being moved to a transport vehicle
• Prolonged standing in a moving vehicle
• Temperature extremes, rain, and wind
• Lack of exercise
• Insufficient food and water intake
• Crowding or being moved with unfamiliar goats
• Being bullied by more aggressive goats

At best, the stress of shipping only causes a goat to have a depressed appetite and not seem quite herself, but she snaps out of it in a few hours or days. Remember, she has to adjust to a new environment away from the security of everything she has ever known.
Blood tests show that a goat needs about three hours after being transported to stop having a physical stress response, but the move's effect on the goat's immune system can last longer.

At its worst, the stress of transport brings on what is known as shipping fever — causing pneumonia and sometimes diarrhea. Signs to look for include temperature of over 103.5º Fahrenheit, nasal discharge, coughing, rapid breathing, or rattling in the chest. Contact a veterinarian if your new goat has any of these signs.

To minimize the effects of transport stress, give the goat plenty of water (warm or hot if the weather is cold and spiked with molasses if she isn't drinking), goat Nutri-drench, and some probiotics, and watch him closely.
Watch for bullying that seems excessive or dangerous as goats redetermine their status in the herd or among the new goats; separate the bullies.
Eventually, you can expect the new goats to settle in to their surroundings and be back to their normal selves.

Terramycin LA

Assalamu'alaikum Wrmbth, Sumber : http://www.ultravetis.com/?page_id=96

Terramycin LA Injectable Solution

Description and Composition

Terramycin LA injectable solution is a patented formulation containing 200gm oxytetracyline per ml. It provides sustained oxytetracyline blood levels for a 3 to 5 day period in cattle, sheep, goats and swine following a single intra-muscular injection of 1 ml/10kg body weight.

Benefits

• Terramycin LA Injectable solution is a sterile, clear, stable and ready-to-use solution.It requires no further preparation.
• Terramycin LA Injectable solution is recommended wherever prolonged antibiotic treatment is indicated, or where for practical, economic, or veterinary reasons, frequent animal handling and repeat treatment is not feasible.

Sheep and Goats

For treatment of heartwater, pneumonia, foot-rot, joint and navel ill.
In all species, Terramycin LA may be used in the treatment of non-specific infections and as supportive treatment during viral and other immuno-surpressive conditions.
Click here for more information

Terramycin LA Injectable Solution

Technical Information

Directions for Use

Dosage

Sheep and Goats: Administer 1ml/10kg body mass by intramuscular injection at one site. In sheep and goats over 50kg, it is recommended that the dose be divided and administered into two separate injection sites.

NOTE: For rapid recovery, a prompt and accurate diagnosis is essential. It is therefore, always advisable to consult your veterinarian for a correct diagnosis.

Warning

• Do not administer Terramycin LA injectable Solution to piglets on the same day that they are injected with iron.
• The meat from treated animals may not be used for human consumption within 28 days of the last treatment.
• Milk from treated cows and goats must not be used for human consumption within 5 days of the last treatment.

Storage

Terramycin LA injectable Solution will remain stable for 2 years when stored below 30ºC. Some darkening of the presentation may occur as a characteristic of oxytetracycline solutions during use without affecting its potency.

Packaging

Terramycin LA injectable Solution is available in 100ml packs.

Disclaimer

Terramycin LA Injectable Solution is to be used only in accordance with the directions specified on the pack label. Ultravetis E.A. Ltd guarantee is limited to the terms set out on the pack label and subject thereto, the buyer assumes the risk to persons or property arising from the use or handling of this product and accepts the product on that condition.

Kambing dan pH Rumen

Assalamu'alaikum Wrmbth, sebelum ni kita ada sentuh tentang penyakit acidiocis pada kambing. Puncanya kera gizi tidak seimbang, terlebih pelet kambing dan terlebih makanan segera pada kambing. Konklusi akhir artikel saya ada menyebut kepentingan menjaga keseimbangan pH dalam perut kambing kerana ia penuh dengan pelbagai populasi bakteria yang mencerna protein dan karbohidrat kompleks.

Setelah saya baca lagi tentang diet kambing, rupa2nya kesan pH lebih banyak daripada itu. Tahukah saya dan anda bahawa kambing boleh menghasilkan saya sendiri kebanyakan daripada vitamin yang diperlukannya. Vitamin A,B,C,D dan K. Tetapi ini hanya wujud jika kambing dibiarkan dalam habitat semulajadinya.. dengan kata lain keadaan lepas ragut lebih hampir pada keadaan semulajadi berbanding sistem intensif.

Vitamin A diperolehi daripada sintesis karoten dalam tumbuhan oleh bakteria didalam rumen kambing, vitamin B juga hasil daripada sintesis bakteria lain. Vitamin C dihasilkan di dalam otot. Vitamin D dihasilkan di lapisan subcataneous bawah kulit apabila terdedah kepada cahaya matahari dan akhirnya vitamin E dan K, sama juga hendaknya.

Ikut kajian, kambing kita akan kekurangan vitamin A dan D dalam kuantiti yang yang ketara bagi sistem intensif kerana kurang terdedah cahaya matahari. Kekurangan vitamin D akan mengurangkan kemampuan badan menyerap Kalsium dan bagi kambing bunting, anak yang lahir besar kemungkinan akan mengalami penyakit rikets seperti manusia dimana sendi kaki anak kambing tidak normal. Semua berkait rapat dengan pH rumen kambing anda. Jika anda terlalu bergantung pada dedak, memang terpaksa bergantung harap pada suntukan multivitamin juga nampaknya. Pengajaran pada saya yang banyak tak tahu ni, pelet kambing tidak dapat membekalkan semua zat dan bukannya silver bullet untuk semua masalah.

Serat dan karbohidrat kompleks perlu diberi untuk menjaga kerukunan perut kambing. Hehe, lepas ni boleh baca artikel pergolakan mesir, gandum dan madu di Blog senior alwi. Bestnya ramadhan..